Bibliography

The Arabs in History: Revised Edition, Bernard Lewis

The Middle East: A Brief History of the Last 2000 Years, Bernard Lewis

A History of the Arab Peoples, Albert Hourani

God's Crucible: Islam and the Making of Europe, 570-1215, David Levering Lewis

A Concise History of the Middle East: Tenth Edition, Arthur Goldschmidt Jr. and Lawrence Davidson

Destiny Disrupted: A History of the World Through Islamic Eyes, Tamim Ansary